Credits
World Book Advisers
Ali Banuazizi, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies Program,
Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States
David Jay Bercuson, O.C., B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor of History and Director,
Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Marianna Anderson Busch, B.A., Ph.D.
Professor of Chemistry and Co-Director,
Center for Analytical Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
Jesus Garcia, M.A., Ed.D.
Professor of Curriculum and Instruction,
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Marc B. Garnick, M.D.
Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer,
Praecis Pharmaceuticals Inc.;
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School,
Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
John T. Greene, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, Religious Studies,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
Robert Hodierne, B.A.
Associate Professor of Journalism,
University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia, United States
Alan E. Mann, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
William McKeen, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor and Chair, Department of Journalism,
University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, United States
Jay M. Pasachoff, A.B., A.M., Ph.D.
Field Memorial Professor of Astronomy and Director,
Hopkins Observatory of Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States
Michael Plante, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Jessie J. Poesch Professor of Art History,
Newcomb Art Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Kenneth Rebeck, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Associated Professor of Economics,
St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States
Robert B. Prigo, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Director of Teacher Education and Professor of Physics,
Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, United States
Michael Seidel, B.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor, Department of English and Comparative Literature,
Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
Whitney Smith, A.M., A.B., Ph.D.
Director, The Flag Research Center,
Winchester, Massachusetts, United States
Scott L. Waugh, B.A., Ph.D.
Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
President, World Book, Inc.
Donald D. Keller
Vice President and Editor in Chief
Paul A. Kobasa
Vice President, International
Richard Flower
Vice President, Digital Development & Marketing
Sean P. Klunder
Controller
Yan Chen
Director, Marketing & Communications
Jennifer Parello
Digital Content Team
Vice President, Digital Products
Sean P. Klunder
Associate Director, Marketing and Digital Product Design
Melanie Bender
Senior Manager, Digital Products
Larissa Kozij
Manager, Digital Products
Mari Huertas
Digital Products Coordinators
Heather Grumley
Erika Meller
Editorial
Editor in Chief
Paul A. Kobasa
Editorial Director
Sara Dreyfuss
Senior Manager, Publishing Operations
Timothy Falk
Senior Manager/Humanities
Michael B. Schuldt
Manager/Sciences
Jeff De La Rosa
Manager/Regions
Michael Noren
Senior Editors
Shawn Brennan
Nicholas Kilzer
Dawn Krajcik
S. Thomas Richardson
Kenneth J. Shenkman
Christine Sullivan
Daniel O. Zeff
Editors
Jason Bumgardner
Brian Johnson
Daniel Kenis
Associate Editors
Michael DuRoss
Senior Statistics Editor
William M. Harrod
Senior Researchers
Michael Barr
Madolynn Cronk
Lynn Durbin
Jacqueline Jasek
Karen A. McCormack
Senior Production Editor
Daniel J. Marotta
Production Editors
Mellonee Carrigan
Daniel Steilen
Associate Manager/Scheduling
Audrey Casey
Manager/Contracts & Compliance
Loranne K. Shields
Coordinator/Information Services
Jon Wills
Manager/Indexing Services
David Pofelski
Supplementary Publications
Associate Director
Scott Thomas
Associate Manager
Cassie Mayer
Manager
Barbara Mayes
Senior Editor
Kristina Vaicikonis
Lexicographer
Justyn Moulds
Director, Graphics and Design, Pre-press/Manufacturing
Carma Fazio
Graphics and Design
Manager, Design
Tom Evans
Senior Designers
Don Di Sante
Isaiah W. Sheppard, Jr.
Brenda Tropinski
Associate Designer
Matt Carrington
Editor, Digital Media
Tina Trettin
Photographs Editor
Kathryn Creech
Cartographic Services
Wayne K. Pichler, Manager/Digital Cartography
John Rejba, Senior Cartographer
Pre-Press/Production
Senior Manager, Production
Jan Rossing
Manager, Production Technology
Anne Fritzinger
Proofreader
Emilie Schrage
Editorial Systems and Projects
Director
Tony Tills
Editor
Peter Kulak
Support Staff
Teresa Dunne
Ethel Matthews
Web Development Team
Director, Digital Application Development
Fred Snyder
Content Systems Manager
D. Leigh Daeuble
Senior Database Administrator
Lloyd Lindo
Java Developer
Nihil Jose
Systems Engineering
Jean-Edouard Armand
Jason Moser
Development Partners
Development and testing provided by Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
Search Engine
Endeca
File revised June 30, 2011